Travelers 2012 Annual Report Download - page 162

within which the fair value measurement is reported is based on the lowest level input that is significant
to the measurement in its entirety. The three levels of the hierarchy are as follows:
• Level 1—Unadjusted quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that
the Company has the ability to access.
• Level 2—Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for
identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets; or valuations based on models where
the significant inputs are observable (e.g., interest rates, yield curves, prepayment speeds, default
rates, loss severities, etc.) or can be corroborated by observable market data.
• Level 3—Valuations based on models where significant inputs are not observable. The
unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s own assumptions about the inputs that market
participants would use.
Valuation of Investments Reported at Fair Value in Financial Statements
The fair value of a financial instrument is the estimated amount at which the instrument could be
exchanged in an orderly transaction between knowledgeable, unrelated, willing parties, i.e., not in a
forced transaction. The estimated fair value of a financial instrument may differ from the amount that
could be realized if the security was sold in an immediate sale, e.g., a forced transaction. Additionally,
the valuation of investments is more subjective when markets are less liquid due to the lack of market
based inputs, which may increase the potential that the estimated fair value of an investment is not
reflective of the price at which an actual transaction would occur.
For investments that have quoted market prices in active markets, the Company uses the
unadjusted quoted market prices as fair value and includes these prices in the amounts disclosed in
Level 1 of the hierarchy. The Company receives the quoted market prices from a third party, nationally
recognized pricing service (pricing service). When quoted market prices are unavailable, the Company
utilizes a pricing service to determine an estimate of fair value, which is mainly used for its fixed
maturity investments. The fair value estimates provided from this pricing service are included in the
amount disclosed in Level 2 of the hierarchy. If quoted market prices and an estimate from a pricing
service are unavailable, the Company produces an estimate of fair value based on internally developed
valuation techniques, which, depending on the level of observable market inputs, will render the fair
value estimate as Level 2 or Level 3. The Company bases all of its estimates of fair value for assets on
the bid price as it represents what a third-party market participant would be willing to pay in an arm’s
length transaction.
Fixed Maturities
The Company utilizes a pricing service to estimate fair value measurements for approximately 98%
of its fixed maturities. The pricing service utilizes market quotations for fixed maturity securities that
have quoted prices in active markets. Since fixed maturities other than U.S. Treasury securities
generally do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing service prepares estimates of fair value
measurements for these securities using its proprietary pricing applications, which include available
relevant market information, benchmark curves, benchmarking of like securities, sector groupings and
matrix pricing. Additionally, the pricing service uses an Option Adjusted Spread model to develop
prepayment and interest rate scenarios.
The pricing service evaluates each asset class based on relevant market information, relevant credit
information, perceived market movements and sector news. The market inputs utilized in the pricing
evaluation, listed in the approximate order of priority, include: benchmark yields, reported trades,
broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, reference
data, and industry and economic events. The extent of the use of each market input depends on the
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