MasterCard 2010 Annual Report Download - page 94

MASTERCARD INCORPORATED
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—continued
expenses. These cardholder benefit program expenses, such as insurance and card replacements, were previously
deemed promotional features of the cards and over time have become standard product offerings in certain card
categories. Approximately $83 million of these expenses were reclassified for the year ended December 31, 2008
to conform to the 2009 presentation.
Use of estimates—The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management
to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of
contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and
expenses during the reporting periods. Management has established detailed policies and control procedures to
ensure the methods used to make estimates are well controlled and applied consistently from period to period.
Actual results may differ from these estimates.
Fair value—The Company measures certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis
by estimating the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly
transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When valuing liabilities, the Company also
considers the Company’s creditworthiness. The Company classifies these recurring fair value measurements into
a three-level hierarchy (“Valuation Hierarchy”) and discloses the significant assumptions utilized in measuring
all of its assets and liabilities at fair value.
The Valuation Hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as
of the measurement date. A financial instrument’s categorization within the Valuation Hierarchy is based upon
the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of the Valuation
Hierarchy are as follows:
• Level 1—inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or
liabilities in active markets.
• Level 2—inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in
active markets, quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in inactive markets and inputs that are
observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the
financial instrument.
• Level 3—inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value
measurement.
Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. The Company’s non
financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis include property, plant and
equipment, goodwill and other intangible assets. These assets are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis;
however, they are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances, such as when there is evidence of
impairment.
The valuation methods for goodwill and other intangible assets involve assumptions concerning comparable
company multiples, discount rates, growth projections and other assumptions of future business conditions. As
the assumptions employed to measure these assets and liabilities on a nonrecurring basis are based on
management’s judgment using internal and external data, these fair value determinations are classified in Level 3
of the Valuation Hierarchy. See Note 5 (Fair Value) for information about methods and assumptions. The
Company has not elected to apply the fair value option to its eligible financial assets and liabilities.
Cash and cash equivalents—Cash and cash equivalents include certain liquid investments with a maturity of
three months or less from the date of purchase. Cash equivalents are recorded at cost, which approximates fair
value.
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