CVS 2015 Annual Report Download - page 49

47
2015 Annual Report
Self-Insurance Liabilities
We are self-insured for certain losses related to general liability, workers’ compensation and auto liability, although
we maintain stop loss coverage with third party insurers to limit our total liability exposure. We are also self-insured
for certain losses related to health and medical liabilities.
The estimate of our self-insurance liability contains uncertainty since we must use judgment to estimate the ultimate
cost that will be incurred to settle reported claims and unreported claims for incidents incurred but not reported as
of the balance sheet date. When estimating our self-insurance liability, we consider a number of factors, which
include, but are not limited to, historical claim experience, demographic factors, severity factors and other standard
insurance industry actuarial assumptions. On a quarterly basis, we review our self-insurance liability to determine
if it is adequate as it relates to our general liability, workers’ compensation and auto liability. Similar reviews are
conducted semi-annually to determine if our self-insurance liability is adequate for our health and medical liability.
Our total self-insurance liability covered by this critical accounting policy was $660 million as of December 31, 2015.
Although we believe we have sufficient current and historical information available to us to record reasonable
estimates for our self-insurance liability, it is possible that actual results could differ. In order to help you assess the
risk, if any, associated with the uncertainties discussed above, a ten percent (10%) pre-tax change in our estimate
for our self-insurance liability, which we believe is a reasonably likely change, would increase or decrease our
self-insurance liability by about $66 million as of December 31, 2015.
We have not made any material changes in the accounting methodology used to establish our self-insurance liability
during the past three years.
Income Taxes
Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method. Deferred tax liabilities or assets are established
for temporary differences between financial and tax reporting bases and are subsequently adjusted to reflect
changes in enacted tax rates expected to be in effect when the temporary differences reverse. The deferred tax
assets are reduced, if necessary, by a valuation allowance to the extent future realization of those tax benefits is
uncertain.
Significant judgment is required in determining the provision for income taxes and the related taxes payable and
deferred tax assets and liabilities since, in the ordinary course of business, there are transactions and calculations
where the ultimate tax outcome is uncertain. Additionally, our tax returns are subject to audit by various domestic
and foreign tax authorities that could result in material adjustments or differing interpretations of the tax laws.
Although we believe that our estimates are reasonable and are based on the best available information at the time
we prepare the provision, actual results could differ from these estimates resulting in a final tax outcome that may be
materially different from that which is reflected in our consolidated financial statements.
The tax benefit from an uncertain tax position is recognized only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will
be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits
recognized in the consolidated financial statements from such positions are then measured based on the largest
benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement. Interest and/or penalties related to
uncertain tax positions are recognized in income tax expense. Significant judgment is required in determining our
uncertain tax positions. We have established accruals for uncertain tax positions using our best judgment and adjust
these accruals, as warranted, due to changing facts and circumstances.