Singapore Airlines 2012 Annual Report Download - page 177

175ANNUAL REPORT 2011/2012
Notes to the Financial Statements
31 March 2012
37฀ Financial฀Instruments฀(in฀$฀million)฀(continued)
(b) Fair values (continued)
Financial instruments carried at fair value (continued)
Fair value hierarchy
The Group classifies fair value measurement using a fair value hierarchy that reflects the significance of the inputs
used in making the measurements. The fair value hierarchy has the following levels:
•฀ ฀ Level฀1฀–฀Quoted฀prices฀(unadjusted)฀in฀active฀markets฀for฀identical฀assets฀or฀liabilities฀
•฀ ฀ Level฀2฀–฀Inputs฀other฀than฀quoted฀prices฀included฀within฀Level฀1฀that฀are฀observable฀for฀the฀asset฀or฀liability,
either directly (i.e., as prices) or indirectly (i.e., derived from prices)
Determination of fair value
The Group and the Company have carried all investment securities that are classified as available-for-sale financial
assets and all derivative instruments at their fair values.
The fair values of jet fuel swap contracts are the mark-to-market values of these contracts. The fair values of jet fuel
option contracts are determined by reference to available market information and the Black-Scholes option valuation
model. As the Group hedges its jet fuel requirements in Mean of Platts Singapore Jet Kerosene (“MOPS”) and that the
majority of the Group’s fuel uplifts are in MOPS, the MOPS price (2012: USD 135.42/BBL, 2011: USD 133.22/BBL)
is used as the input for market fuel price to the Black-Scholes option valuation model. Consequently, the annualised
volatility (2011-12: 11.34%, 2010-11: 26.85%) of the jet fuel swap and option contracts is also estimated with daily
MOPS price. The continuously compounded risk-free rate estimated as average of the past 12 months Singapore
Government Securities benchmark issues’ one-year yield (2011-12: 0.33%, 2010-11: 0.38%) was also applied to
each individual jet fuel option contract to derive their estimated fair values as at the end of the reporting period.
The fair value of forward currency contracts is determined by reference to current forward prices for contracts with
similar maturity profiles. The fair values of foreign currency option contracts, interest rate swap contracts and interest
rate cap contracts are determined by reference to valuation reports provided by counterparties.
The fair value of cross currency swap contracts is determined based on quoted market prices or dealer quotes for
similar instruments used.
The fair value of quoted investments is generally determined by reference to stock exchange quoted market bid
prices at the close of the business at the end of the reporting period. For investments where there is no active
market, fair value is determined using valuation techniques. Such techniques include using recent arm’s length
market transactions or reference to the current market value of another instrument (which is substantially the same).
Financial instruments whose carrying amounts approximate fair value
The carrying amounts of the following financial assets and liabilities approximate their fair values due to their short-
term nature: cash and bank balances, funds from subsidiary companies, amounts owing to/by subsidiary companies,
trade debtors, other debtors, trade and other creditors.