MasterCard 2015 Annual Report Download - page 51

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We do not record U.S. income tax expense for foreign earnings which we intend to reinvest indefinitely to expand our international
operations. We consider business plans, planning opportunities, and expected future outcomes in assessing the needs for future
expansion and support of our international operations. If our business plans change or our future outcomes differ from our
expectations, U.S. income tax expense and our effective tax rate could increase or decrease in that period.
Valuation of Assets
The valuation of assets acquired in a business combination and asset impairment reviews require the use of significant estimates
and assumptions. The acquisition method of accounting for business combinations requires the Company to estimate the fair
value of assets acquired, liabilities assumed, and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree to properly allocate purchase price
consideration between assets that are depreciated and amortized from goodwill. Impairment testing for assets, other than
goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, requires the allocation of cash flows to those assets or group of assets and if
required, an estimate of fair value for the assets or group of assets. The Company’s estimates are based upon assumptions
believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable. These valuations require the use of
management’s assumptions, which would not reflect unanticipated events and circumstances that may occur.
We evaluate goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment on an annual basis or sooner if indicators of impairment
exist. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level. The impairment evaluation utilizes a quantitative assessment
using a two-step impairment test. The first step is to compare the reporting unit’s carrying value, including goodwill, to the fair
value. The Company uses a market approach for estimating the fair value of its reporting unit. If the fair value exceeds the carrying
value, then no potential impairment is considered to exist. If the carrying value exceeds the fair value, the second step is performed
to determine if the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill exceeds the carrying value of the reporting unit. An
impairment charge would be recorded if the carrying value exceeds the implied fair value. The impairment test for indefinite-
lived intangible assets consists of a qualitative assessment to evaluate all relevant events and circumstances that could affect
the significant inputs used to determine the fair value of indefinite-lived intangible assets. In performing the qualitative
assessment, we consider relevant events and conditions, including but not limited to, macroeconomic trends, industry and market
conditions, overall financial performance, cost factors, company-specific events, and legal and regulatory factors. If the qualitative
assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than their
carrying amounts, the Company must perform a quantitative impairment test.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET
RISK
Market risk is the potential for economic losses to be incurred on market risk sensitive instruments arising from adverse changes
in market factors such as interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and equity price risk. Our exposure to market risk from
changes in interest rates, foreign exchange rates and equity price risk is limited. Management establishes and oversees the
implementation of policies governing our funding, investments and use of derivative financial instruments. We monitor risk
exposures on an ongoing basis. The effect of a hypothetical 10% adverse change in foreign currency rates could result in a fair
value loss of approximately $128 million on our foreign currency derivative contracts outstanding at December 31, 2015 related
to the hedging program. A 100 basis point adverse change in interest rates would not have a material impact on the Company’s
investments at December 31, 2015 and 2014. In addition, there was no material equity price risk at December 31, 2015 or 2014.
Foreign Exchange Risk
We enter into derivative contracts to manage risk associated with anticipated receipts and disbursements which are either
transacted in a non-functional currency or valued based on a currency other than our functional currency. We may also enter
into foreign currency derivative contracts to offset possible changes in value due to foreign exchange fluctuations of earnings,
assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the entity. The objective of these activities
is to reduce our exposure to transaction gains and losses resulting from fluctuations of foreign currencies against our functional
and reporting currencies, principally the U.S. dollar and euro. Foreign currency exposures are managed together through our
foreign exchange risk management activities, which are discussed further in Note 20 (Foreign Exchange Risk Management) to
the consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8. The terms of the forward contracts are generally less than 18
months.