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94 Ford Motor Company | 2012 Annual Report
FORD MOTOR COMPANY AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 9. ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
Automotive Sector
We estimate credit loss reserves for notes receivable on an individual receivable basis. A specific impairment
allowance reserve is established based on expected future cash flows, the fair value of any collateral, and the financial
condition of the debtor. Following is an analysis of the allowance for credit losses for the years ended December 31
(in millions):
2012 2011
Allowance for credit losses
Beginning balance $ 29 $ 120
Charge-offs (7) —
Recoveries (11)(85)
Provision for credit losses 6 2
Other 6(8)
Ending balance $ 23 $ 29
Financial Services Sector
The allowance for credit losses represents our estimate of the probable loss on the collection of finance receivables
and operating leases as of the balance sheet date. The adequacy of the allowance for credit losses is assessed quarterly
and the assumptions and models used in establishing the allowance are evaluated regularly. Because credit losses may
vary substantially over time, estimating credit losses requires a number of assumptions about matters that are uncertain.
The majority of credit losses are attributable to Ford Credit's consumer receivables segment.
Additions to the allowance for credit losses are made by recording charges to Provision for credit and insurance
losses on the sector income statement. The uncollectible portion of finance receivables and investments in operating
leases are charged to the allowance for credit losses at the earlier of when an account is deemed to be uncollectible or
when an account is 120 days delinquent, taking into consideration the financial condition of the customer, borrower, or
lessee, the value of the collateral, recourse to guarantors, and other factors. In the event we repossess the collateral, the
receivable is written off and we record the collateral at its estimated fair value less costs to sell and report it in Other
assets on the balance sheet. Recoveries on finance receivables and investment in operating leases previously charged-
off as uncollectible are credited to the allowance for credit losses.
Consumer
We estimate the allowance for credit losses on our consumer receivables and on our investments in operating leases
using a combination of measurement models and management judgment. The models consider factors such as historical
trends in credit losses and recoveries (including key metrics such as delinquencies, repossessions, and bankruptcies), the
composition of the present portfolio (including vehicle brand, term, risk evaluation, and new/used vehicles), trends in
historical and projected used vehicle values, and economic conditions. Estimates from these models rely on historical
information and may not fully reflect losses inherent in the present portfolio. Therefore, we may adjust the estimate to
reflect management judgment regarding justifiable changes in recent economic trends and conditions, portfolio
composition, and other relevant factors.
We make projections of two key assumptions to assist in estimating the consumer allowance for credit losses:
• Frequency - number of finance receivables and operating lease contracts that are expected to default over the
loss emergence period, measured as repossessions
• Loss severity - expected difference between the amount of money a customer owes when the finance contract is
charged off and the amount received, net of expenses from selling the repossessed vehicle, including any
recoveries from the customer