Ricoh 2000 Annual Report Download - page 53

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51
Research and development costs
Advertising costs
18. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENSES AND ADVERTISING COSTS
The following amounts were charged to costs and expenses for the three years ended March 31, 2000:
Thousands of
U.S. dollarsMillions of yen
$ 645,864
156,126
¥ 66,524
16,081
¥ 66,777
15,555
1999
¥ 69,988
22,033
1998
20002000
Corporate assets consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and mar-
ketable securities maintained for general corporate purposes.
Intersegment sales between geographic areas are made at cost plus profit.
Operating income by geographic area is sales less expense related to the
area’s operating revenue.
No single customer accounted for 10% or more of the total revenues for the
periods ended March 31, 1998, 1999 and 2000.