Johnson and Johnson 2011 Annual Report Download - page 44

temporary. If losses on these securities are considered to be other
than temporary, the loss is recognized in earnings.
PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT AND DEPRECIATION
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost. The Company
utilizes the straight-line method of depreciation over the estimated
useful lives of the assets:
Building and building equipment 20–40 years
Land and leasehold improvements 10–20 years
Machinery and equipment 2–13 years
The Company capitalizes certain computer software and development
costs, included in machinery and equipment, when incurred in connec-
tion with developing or obtaining computer software for internal use.
Capitalized software costs are amortized over the estimated useful
lives of the software, which generally range from 3 to 8 years.
The Company reviews long-lived assets to assess recoverability
using undiscounted cash flows. When certain events or changes in
operating or economic conditions occur, an impairment assessment
may be performed on the recoverability of the carrying value of
these assets. If the asset is determined to be impaired, the loss is
measured based on the difference between the asset’s fair value and
its carrying value. If quoted market prices are not available, the
Company will estimate fair value using a discounted value of
estimated future cash flows.
REVENUE RECOGNITION
The Company recognizes revenue from product sales when the
goods are shipped or delivered and title and risk of loss pass to the
customer. Provisions for certain rebates, sales incentives, trade pro-
motions, coupons, product returns and discounts to customers are
accounted for as reductions in sales in the same period the related
sales are recorded.
Product discounts granted are based on the terms of arrange-
ments with direct, indirect and other market participants, as well
as market conditions, including prices charged by competitors.
Rebates, the largest being the Medicaid rebate provision, are esti-
mated based on contractual terms, historical experience, trend
analysis and projected market conditions in the various markets
served. The Company evaluates market conditions for products or
groups of products primarily through the analysis of wholesaler and
other third-party sell-through and market research data, as well as
internally generated information.
Sales returns are generally estimated and recorded based on
historical sales and returns information. Products that exhibit
unusual sales or return patterns due to dating, competition or
other marketing matters are specifically investigated and analyzed
as part of the accounting for sales returns accruals.
Sales returns allowances represent a reserve for products that
may be returned due to expiration, destruction in the field, or in spe-
cific areas, product recall. The returns reserve is based on historical
return trends by product and by market as a percent to gross sales.
In accordance with the Company’s accounting policies, the
Company generally issues credit to customers for returned goods.
The Company’s sales returns reserves are accounted for in accor-
dance with U.S. GAAP guidance for revenue recognition when right
of return exists. Sales returns reserves are recorded at full sales
value. Sales returns in the Consumer and Pharmaceutical segments
are almost exclusively not resalable. Sales returns for certain fran-
chises in the Medical Devices and Diagnostics segment are typically
resalable but are not material. The Company rarely exchanges prod-
ucts from inventory for returned products. The sales returns reserve
for the total Company has ranged between 1.0% and 1.2% of annual
sales to customers during the prior three fiscal reporting years 2011,
2010 and 2009.
Promotional programs, such as product listing allowances and
cooperative advertising arrangements, are recorded in the year
incurred. Continuing promotional programs include coupons and
volume-based sales incentive programs. The redemption cost of
consumer coupons is based on historical redemption experience
by product and value. Volume-based incentive programs are based
on the estimated sales volumes for the incentive period and are
recorded as products are sold. The Company also earns service rev-
enue for co-promotion of certain products and includes it in sales to
customers. These arrangements are evaluated to determine the
appropriate amounts to be deferred.
SHIPPING AND HANDLING
Shipping and handling costs incurred were $1,022 million, $945 mil-
lion and $964 million in 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively, and are
included in selling, marketing and administrative expense. The
amount of revenue received for shipping and handling is less than
0.5% of sales to customers for all periods presented.
INVENTORIES
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market determined by
the first-in, first-out method.
INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND GOODWILL
The authoritative literature on U.S. GAAP requires that goodwill and
intangible assets with indefinite lives be assessed annually for
impairment. The Company completed the annual impairment test
for 2011 in the fiscal fourth quarter and no impairment was deter-
mined. Future impairment tests will be performed annually in
the fiscal fourth quarter, or sooner if a triggering event occurs.
Purchased in-process research and development is accounted for as
an indefinite lived intangible asset until the underlying project is
completed, at which point the intangible asset will be accounted for
as a definite lived intangible asset, or abandoned, at which point the
intangible asset will be written off.
Intangible assets that have finite useful lives continue to be
amortized over their useful lives, and are reviewed for impairment
when warranted by economic conditions. See Note 5 for further
details on Intangible Assets and Goodwill.
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
As required by U.S. GAAP, all derivative instruments are recorded on
the balance sheet at fair value. Changes in the fair value of derivatives
are recorded each period in current earnings or other comprehensive
income, depending on whether the derivative is designated as part of
a hedge transaction, and if so, the type of hedge transaction.
The Company documents all relationships between hedged
items and derivatives. The overall risk management strategy
includes reasons for undertaking hedge transactions and entering
into derivatives. The objectives of this strategy are: (1) minimize
foreign currency exposure’s impact on the Company’s financial
performance; (2) protect the Company’s cash flow from adverse
movements in foreign exchange rates; (3) ensure the appropriate-
ness of financial instruments; and (4) manage the enterprise risk
associated with financial institutions. See Note 6 for additional
information on Financial Instruments.
PRODUCT LIABILITY
Accruals for product liability claims are recorded, on an undis-
counted basis, when it is probable that a liability has been incurred
and the amount of the liability can be reasonably estimated based
on existing information. The accruals are adjusted periodically as
additional information becomes available. As a result of cost and
availability factors, effective November 1, 2005, the Company
42 JOHNSON & JOHNSON 2011 ANNUAL REPORT